Interview with Dr. Mikhail Molchanov
Interview given to Vestnik RUDN /December 13, 2020
— Last year, the Eurasian Economic Union celebrated its 5th anniversary. You are deeply immersed in the studies of current problems of the region; you are also well informed of the latest research on this issue. To what extent, in your opinion, have the studies of Eurasian issues and problems got developed in the West?
— Until very recently, Eurasian studies in the West have been virtually non-existent. That is, if we do not count works belonging to geology and ecology. The journal “Europe-Asia Sudies”1, albeit its name invited to think otherwise, was not much engaged in Eurasian studies per se. I’ve counted only 5 titles bearing the word “Eurasia” or “Eurasian” published there before 2012.
Of course, researchers used the term in publications focusing on the Post-Soviet region or the well-known trend in the Russian émigré thought, yet works of a more reflexive nature, where “Eurasia” and “Eurasian” politics would be used in a conceptually meaningful way and not just as a shorthand for the former Soviet Union, were few and far between. I recall talking to Amitav Acharya back in 2008, who was cautious to use the term then, seeing it as little more than a convenient designation of the former USSR. Strictly speaking, before Journal of Eurasian Studies published its first issue in 2010, the field had no dedicated periodical.
— Whom of professional researchers involved in the studies of Eurasian integration would you single out? What kind of people are they? Who prevails among them: Russians or maybe Ukrainians, Poles? What research organizations do they represent: academic and scientific research institutions or think tanks?
— To continue with the previous question, it is not an exaggeration to say that Eurasian regionalization studies in the West have been pioneered by non-westerners: either immigrant academics from the former Soviet Union or the Russian scholars publishing in English and other western languages. I would single out Evgeny Vinokurov and Alexander Libman, who had contributed a whole string of publications that have transformed Eurasian regional integration studies into a subfield of international political economy. The western scholars who were most influential in popularizing Eurasia as a term, and sometimes also as a concept, were mostly Americans. The names of S. Frederick Starr, Gregory Gleason, Martha
Brill Olcott, and Marlene Laruelle come to mind first.
Eurasian studies started to pick up after 2012 and snowballed after the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union was signed in 2014. The scholars involved come from a variety of countries and world regions. Dmitri Trenin directs the Carnegie Moscow Center, Andrei Tsygankov
teaches in the USA, Richard Sakwa — in Britain. Piotr Dutkiewicz is a professor of political science in Canada, Emilian Kavalski — in Australia. David Lane and Vsevolod Samokhvalov are both researchers at Cambridge University. Of course, there are many Russian researchers actively involved in thefield. I should mention G.I. Chufrin, A.A. Kazantsev, M.L. Lagutina, A.V. Obydenkova, A.A. Sushentsov, N.A. Vasilyeva, A.I. Nikitin, A.V. Lukin and many others.
Together with the Eurasian DevelopmentBank’s Centre for Integration Studies, MGIMO University, IMEMO RAS and SPbSU, your own University emerged as a prominent center of Eurasian studies in Russia. The publication of a comprehensive reference textbook Foreign Policies of the CIS States last year is a huge step in propagating Eurasian studies in the West.
A solid representation for Eurasian studies can be found, as you might expect, in Kazakhstan. Allow me to mention Murat Laumulin, Lyailya Nurgaliyeva, Ikboljon Qoraboyev, Nargis Kassenova and Kairat Moldashev.
Polish scholars of note include Katarzyna Czerewacz-Filipowicz [2019], Agnieszka Konopelko, Iwona Wiśniewska, Krzysztof Falkowski and Marcin Kaczmarski, who is now based in the UK.
Eurasian studies in Ukraine are presently unpopular, although there are still several brave scholars who are pursuing them currently as an academic, rather than propagandistic or purely ideological, endeavor.
— From the point of view of their assessments, could we possibly talk about an adequate and undistorted by prejudice Western perception of the processes taking place in the Eurasian space? What positions seem to be prevailing: those accusing Moscow of neo-imperialistic, hegemonic ambitions, or those viewing the Euroasian Economic Union (EEU) as a tool for the economic development of its members? Are the authors’ opinions affected by Russophobia that gained ground in the West?
— Most of the articles I read are professional. The ideas, a-là Hillary Clinton, that the Eurasian Economic Union is just “a move to re-Sovietize the region”, belong to political propaganda and should be treated accordingly. Of course, there are differences in the emphasis between geopolitical and political-economic analyses. International relations specialists focusing on geopolitics tend to think in terms of power projection, spheres of interest, politics of alliances and zero-sum games. This is an intellectual staple for the school of realism in international relations theory in all of its modern varieties: offensive and defensive, neo-structural and neoclassic. We should not blame them for their focus on power differentials and hegemony in international relations, regional hegemony included. There are a number of interesting works in this genre, specifically those focusing on the relative loss of Russia’s influence in Central Asia and the corresponding regional advance of China’s political and economic interests.
On the other hand, the works on regional economic integration proper belong to a subfield of international political economy. Their focus is, by definition, on the economic development of the region, foreign economic policies of the participant countries, economic cooperation, trade, and coordination of policies. As these scholars are much less preoccupied with the analysis of mass media and much more — with the statistics of foreign trade and investment,
whatever criticism of the Eurasian economic integration they might have would probably be along the lines of a distorted balance of trade, the lack of investment and the underdevelopment of institutions, rather than someone’s neo-imperialism or hegemony.
It is hard for me to evaluate the degree of the “Russophobic” bias affecting academic literature on the problem, but I would venture to say that this bias is easier to identify in the
studies that owe their intellectual pedigree to the geopolitical tradition of scholarship and the sadly revived exploits in Kremlinology.
Among the relatively recent specimens of this genre the works by the late Zbigniew Brzezinski remain quite influential. As for the historic roots and modern manifestations of this unfortunate trend, A. Tsygankov’s Russophobia [Tsygankov 2009] provides an excellent analysis.
— Let us talk about structuring of the international community of Eurasian researchers and the debate that is taking place within the International Studies Association (ISA) to transform the POSTCOMM section into a Eurasian and to form a regional conference (as they have already done with the Latin American one). Or maybe Russia should create such a community in the CIS space (the Russian International Studies Association (RISA) now has mostly Russian
researchers)? Or the community is already well structured within already existing Association for Slavic, East European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES)?
— The ISA section that is currently called post-Communist Systems in International Relations (POSTCOMM) used to be called the “Soviet Studies” section. During the times of the Cold War, it was quite influential beyond the boundaries of the ISA itself. After the end of the USSR, the section had to be renamed. As the whole Soviet bloc was now history, and certain
common problems of the post-communist transition emerged, the section reorganized itself
as the Post-Communist States in International Relations. Somehow along the way during one of the periodic rechartering exercises “states” was replaced with “systems”. That did not solve the main problem with the new name, however.
Several section members have criticized the choice of the “post-communist” as the section’s
identifier. They argued that the variety of states we study should not be defined predominantly by their common historical legacies. We do not lump Japan and France together as “post-feudal” states, that would be ridiculous. Besides, just as the “communist states” was a misnomer (the only “communist” feature about them was the rule by the
communist party), so the “post-communist” terminology sounded both imprecise and shallow. Given that the idea of“post-communism” has been criticized by some as indefensibly narrow and “backward looking”, proposals for renaming of the section have been circulating since the early 2000s.
Well, it is easier to understand one’s flaws than to eliminate them. One of the proposals on how to deal with the increasingly anachronistic name of the section was to rename it geographically, and the term “Eurasian” has indeed been suggested. However, there are problems with this idea, too. International relations theorists tend to shy away from structuring international relations analysis of modern polities into “post-industrial” and “industrializing”, “developed” and “developing” states’ sections. This is an approach more typical for international political sociology. At the ISA, most of the sections are named thematically. The two exceptions are POSTCOMM and the newly formed South Asia in World Politics (SAWP) Section, which was officially chartered by ISA in 2016.
Gregory Gleason is a long-time champion of creating an ISA Eurasia Region that you mentioned. However, this can be done in two very different ways. One way is eliminating the
POSTCOMM Section and creating a Region in its place. In my view, such a development would
result in a huge loss of prestige for the academic area we represent, the geographic narrowing of currently global community of scholars, parochialization and marginalization of Eurasian studies. In short, transforming POSTCOMM into a Region, thus closing the Section, would be a disaster that must be avoided.
Another way is to create the ISA Eurasia while keeping the POSTCOMM Section, under a new name if need be, among the current thematically oriented units of the Association. I much prefer this option. As they say, the more the merrier. ISA Eurasia (a regional conference) would allow us to expand our geographic representation and coverage and bring in more scholars from the region. This is where RISA could fit it, together with similar associations from other states in the region. Meanwhile, the new Eurasian Studies Section will remain where POSTCOMM currently is, that is, at the core of the ISA. The Section will stir research interest in Russia and Eurasia among the North American and European scholars. Moreover, it will be best positioned to have a truly global reach with a focus on strategically important for the field regions and nations. And, since we have a sort of historic division of labour among the international and US-based academic associations with a particular interest in the region, I don’t think that the beefing up of the Eurasian studies at the ISA will in any way encroach on the ASEEES’s turf.
— We are interviewing you in 2020 — this year is marked by the 20th anniversary of Russia’s foreign policy. In 2000, the new President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, came to power. V. Putin formulated the main principles and set priorities for the development of our country’s foreign policy. From the point of view of today — what, in your opinion, are Moscow’s successful achievements in this sphere, and what kind of problems does it encounter?
— I think attempts to diversify Russia’s political and economic partnerships, which have brought a more or less pronounced pivot to East Asia, China in particular, should be counted
among the successful achievements. Of course, there are always caveats. Relations with China could have developed quite differently, and more to Russia’s advantage, had Russia progressed with a domestic economic reform, encouraged venture entrepreneurship and diversified exports more than it did.
Russia’s return to the epicentre of the world politics by turning the tide of the war in Syria is yet another obvious example. Generally speaking, the more the country engages with its partners and allies, the better. This includes both economic and military-political engagements. Restoration of Russia’s status in Latin America, proactive engagement with India and comprehensive development of ties with a number of East Asian states [Gorenburg,
Schwartz 2019] are all steps in the right direction. Both international and regional strategies of foreign policy are important tools in the advancement of Russia’s interests abroad.
The problems that Russia currently encounters, apart from the Covid-19 pandemics that grips the world, all stem from 2014 and the incorporation of Crimea. The biggest of those is deterioration of Russia’s relations with the West. The close second is deterioration in Russia’s
relations with its former Soviet neighbours. Achieving a lasting accommodation with Ukraine on the basis of a permanent solution to the Donbass crisis seems to be a number one task of the day. Forging a stable, mutually advantageous relationship with Belarus and Kazakhstan is yet another task that would require much political attention, and a significant outlay of resources. If Belarus or Kazakhstan are not convinced of very real economic benefits of their membership in the Eurasian Economic Union, the collapse of the EAEU becomes only a matter of time.
— What do you think about the development of the EAEU, its conjugation with the Chinese initiative “One Belt — One Road”, as well as Russia’s role in this organization?
— Last but not least, the proclaimed desire to integrate the EAEU12 with China’s global Belt
and Road Initiative (BRI) requires lots and lots of hard work if we are to move beyond the realm of empty declarations. Of course, China has the upper hand in this equation. How to benefit from China’s ambitious plans in the region without losing, let’s say, strategic initiative — and in a worst-case scenario, parts of national sovereignty — this is the question of paramount importance for Russia’s very survival as a global power. Maintaining the Eurasian Economic Union as an independent player and a partner, rather than a stepping stone of China’s global ascension, will require more than political will. It will require a surge in Russia’s direct investments in the region, a concerted use of soft power, and a willingness to pick up the cost of direct and indirect subsidies to the EAEU partners. Russia should become what
scholars of regional integration call a “paymaster” for the region — a role that, for example, Germany has played for the European Union through several decades of its existence [Mattli 1999]. I realize that talking about bringing more money to the region against the background of the ongoing economic recession and in a direct sight of a full-blown crisis may sound somewhat outlandish. Unfortunately, the undeniable lesson of the seventy-something years of the postwar regional integration efforts, inclusive with the last three decades of the post-Soviet “Commonwealth” rhetoric, is simply this: if an international institution fails to deliver some tangible benefits to its participants, it either unravels or becomes an empty shell of cooperation promises. I sincerely hope that the Eurasian Economic Union evades this fate.
— Do you think that nowadays we are witnessing the process of creating the so-called new bipolarity with the participation of the United States and China? What kind of place can Russia take in this configuration of the balance of powers?
— I am afraid we are witnessing the creation of a new unipolarity with China at its helm. Sure, it is still few years, perhaps decades, away. The United States still has some trump cards (no pun intended) up its sleeve. Unquestionable military superiority is the most obvious one. The global financial hegemony propped up by the petrodollar is yet another instrument of far-reaching consequences. We can’t dismiss the monetary component of hard power. Numerous overlapping networks of the US-controlled global regimes and institutions compensate for growing weaknesses of the American domestic power base. And yet, over the last quarter century the People’s Republic of China has managed to make substantial inroads in this previously unassailable power base. Before the current crisis struck, China was well on its way to become the world’s leading economic power by the end of the decade. The Covid-19 challenge, which the U.S. has essentially failed in comparison to the better organized China, may, in fact, give a new boost to the process of global hegemonic transition. The China — Russia alliance, which the western sanctions against Russia made all but inevitable, accelerates rearmament of the People’s Liberation Army. The current plans to work together on joint lunar (and other space exploration) projects acquire new significance
given President Trump’s unabashed “opening” of the moon to US private interests. These and
related developments allow a more or less confident prediction that China will overtake the
USA not only economically, but also militarily, within the next ten-to-fifteen years.
Collective efforts of the West to push Russia away and into China’s embrace rule out all prospects that a new round of westernization of the Russian foreign policy will come up any time soon. Hence, Russia is destined to remain with China for the foreseeable future. What place will it hold in this partnership — perhaps a junior, but respected partner or a satellite and a resource to exploit — will depend exclusively on the wisdom of the country’s leadership and the creative talents of its people. If the Russian political elite will be able to make the right decisions and empower the people in much the same way that Deng Xiaoping did in the early 1980s, Russia may stand a chance. If, on the other hand, few state-supported financial and industrial groups in the extraction industry will remain the principal driving horse of the
economy, it will be hard to avoid comparative peripheralization: first, in global economy, next, in global politics.
— The US presidential elections are to take place soon, and Donald Trump is most likely to keep his place in the White House. On the one hand, his reserved position towards Ukraine is well-known. On the other hand, we see some European elites inclining towards the normalization of their relations with Moscow. Do you think the current situation might prompt the creation of a window of opportunity to manage the conflict in the South-East of Ukraine?
— There are several parts to this question. Let me address them one by one, starting with the United States. The United States is fully absorbed in its internal problems. After the Democratic Party’s establishment has, for the second time, betrayed Bernie Sanders, the chances of a Democratic candidate to beat the incumbent President significantly deteriorated. However, and let me stress it again, the next elections will be determined by the present administration’s handling of the pandemics to a much larger extent than by your typical party politics. In a sense, there is going to happen a national referendum on Donald Trump’s skills and capacities in dealing with a health emergency of heretofore unseen proportions. President Trump’s record on this is hardly stellar at the moment, and reaching a tipping point of the scale, when yesterday’s supporters will become today’s opponents, is very easy. Therefore, let not put all our money on the incumbent president just yet. Of course, Joe Biden has numerous problems of his own, the state of his own physical and mental health being perhaps the most obvious one. The Biden family’s involvement in Ukraine’s affairs has been flawed on so many dimensions it is hard to pick up one for a discussion. The amazingly suppressed corruption scandal with regard to Hunter Biden’s role18 on the board of the nefarious Burisma company and Joe Biden’s brazen — and successful — efforts to press the Ukrainian government into dismissing the Prosecutor General engaged into investigating the company’s shady deals could, in a regular country, be more than enough to torpedo this candidate’s chances of election. America is not a normal, regular country. However, Joe Biden may well be the country’s next president.
President D. Trump is skeptically predisposed toward Ukraine’s dominant nationalist discourse, yet supports what he believes are legitimate aspirations of Ukraine’s national sovereignty and the country’s privileged relationship with the United States. This will determine his approach to the situation in Ukraine’s South-East. It is worth remembering that characterisations of the conflict in Donbass as a Russian aggression are de rigeur in the American political and academic discourse today, while an alternative analysis of international drivers of that conflict, let alone its characterization as Ukraine’s civil war, have
been deliberately eschewed by western media. Six years ago, when I tried to draw attention of the Canadian audience to Kiev’s bombardments of the Donbass cities and villages, I was essentially cut off mid-air by a program host and practically barred from reappearing on a TV
show that used to invite me regularly until then.
It will be difficult, even for the US president, to challenge what might be called a “party line” of the US-led western discourse on Ukraine’s suffering at Russia’s hands. Just naming the things with their proper names, like reserving the word “aggression” for a concerted military action of one state against another state, or the term “civil war” — for the armed confrontation of the co-nationals within the same country, is close to impossible when touching upon a subject of the Ukrainian-Russian relations today.
— What is the dynamics of EU — Russia relations in the context of the Ukrainian crisis?
— This Russia-adverse Russia-adverse media dynamics is also a factor in Russia relations with the European Union. However, the EU itself has larger problems to deal with at the moment. The Covid-19 crisis, to a much larger extent than Brexit, revealed, I am sorry to say, a deep reaching hollowness at the core of this international institution. The crisis revealed not only the lack of unity in the EU responses, but also the lack of willingness to help a participant country most in need of such help — Italy. More than anything else, the crisis revealed that the EU’s “ever closer union” was nothing more than a federalist dream of a bygone era. The actual EU is, in fact, just the opposite — a poorly coordinated agglomerate of less than mutually supportive, intrinsically nationalistic countries.
To speak of a unified position of the EU toward anything of substance, the conflict in Ukraine including, is, therefore, either premature or no longer relevant. The Russian Federation will be well advised to deal with the EU countries separately, one by one, perhaps in duos, trios and quads, but hardly in any format larger than that. In other words, we are back to the times of bilateral diplomacy and great power politics, although not quite back to the times of the Concert of Europe or the Triple Entente. Specifically, on Ukraine, Russia remains the key, if not the only, power capable of assuring some lasting settlement of Ukraine’s problems. That is, should Ukraine itself prove it is willing and capable to proceed. The role of the West now,
assuming that the collective West is serious about stopping the war in Donbass, which I personally have doubted, is to apply enough pressure on Kiev — and provide it with enough incentives — to change the Ukrainian elites’ calculus toward implementation of the Minsk agreements.
I do not see any alternative to the Minsk process. Although proclaimed dead many times, the Minsk agreements in their essence present a realistic and viable set of policies that could lead Ukraine out of the dead end where it finds itself at the moment. The next year or two may indeed present a unique window of opportunity to reintegrate Donbass in Ukraine on the basis of Ukraine’s acknowledgement of Donbass as a society with its own, culturally distinct identity, traditions, political, cultural, and economic rights. Russia needs to assure Ukraine that its national and territorial sovereignty over thusly defined Donbass is not to become diluted whatever autonomous privileges Donbass may get in the process. Moreover, Russia
will be expected to provide resources necessary for the postwar restoration — simply because no one else will.
If all of this comes to pass, the Crimean issue will remain the only eyesore in the relations between the two countries, yet perhaps the one potentially manageable in not-so-distant future. What is absolutely clear to me, though, is that any improvement in the Ukrainian-Russian relations under the present conditions will require enormous investments of energy, good will and material resources on the part of the Russian leadership. The “sitting on the fence” position will not suffice. Russia needs to become nothing short of Ukraine’s largest benefactor and make sure that its benevolent involvement is felt by masses of the Ukrainian people via tangible improvement of their daily lot. Once again, the elite accommodation will not suffice. The Russian-Ukrainian rift has grown too deep to close it with good words and intentions alone in the absence of sustained material help.
To sum it up, I do believe that a window of opportunity to put an end to the conflict in Ukraine’s South-East is upon us. The success of this endeavor will depend primarily on the success of the Ukrainian-Russian rapprochement and the two nations’ determination to work
together on resolving the crisis. The European Union and the United States of America should not be throwing spokes in the wheel. This is the minimum they can do if their concerns about
Ukraine and Donbass are sincere.
Interviewed by K.P. Kurylev / Received: 27.04.2020
References
Brzezinski, Z. (2016). The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and its Geostrategic Imperatives. New York:
Basic Books.
Chufrin, G.I. (2013). Essays on Eurasian Integration. Moscow: Ves’ Mir publ. (In Russian).
Cooley, A. (2012). Great Games, Local Rules: The New Power Contest in Central Asia. New York: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199929825.001.0001
Czerewacz-Filipowicz, K. & Konopelko, A. (2017). Regional Integration Processes in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Cham: Springer. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47563-9
Czerewacz‑Filipowicz, K. (2019). The Eurasian Economic Union as an Element of the Belt and Road Initiative.
Comparative Economic Research. Central and Eastern Europe, 22 (2), 23—37. DOI: 10.2478/cer-2019-0010
Degterev, D.A. & Kurylev, K.P. (Eds.). (2019). Foreign Policies of the CIS States: A Comprehensive Reference. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Dutkiewicz, P. & Sakwa, R. (Eds). (2015). Eurasian Integration — The View from Within. London: Routledge.
DOI: 10.4324/9781315738154
Falkowski, K. (2018). Trade Interdependence between Russia vs. the European Union and China Within the Context
of the Competitiveness of the Russian Economy. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic
Policy, 13 (4), 667—687. DOI: 10.24136/eq.2018.032
Gleason, A. (2010). Eurasia: What is it? Is it? Journal of Eurasian Studies, 1 (1), 26—32. DOI: 10.1016/ j.euras.2009.11.002
Gorenburg, D. & Schwartz, P. (2019). Russia’s Relations with South-East Asia. IFRI, Russie.Nei.Reports, 26, 1—51.
Jakobowski, J., Popławski, K. & Kaczmarski, M. (2018). The Silk Railroad The EU — China Rail Connections:
Background, Actors, Interests. Warsaw: OSW Studies, 72, 1—101.
Kaczmarski, M. (2017). Non-western Visions of Regionalism: China’s New Silk Road and Russia’s Eurasian Economic Union. International Affairs, 93 (6), 1357—1376. DOI: 10.1093/ia/iix182
Kassenova, N. (2013). Kazakhstan and Eurasian Economic Integration: Quick Start, Mixed Results and Uncertain Future. In: Dragneva, R. & Wolszuk, K. (Eds.). Eurasian Economic Integration: Law, Policy and Politics.
Edward Elgar Publishing. P. 139—162.
Kavalski, E. & Cho, Y.C. (2018). The European Union in Central Eurasia: Still Searching for Strategy. Asia — Europe Journal, 16 (1), 51—63. DOI: 10.1007/s10308-017-0484-3
Kazantsev, A.A. & Gusev, L.Y. (2018). Reforms in Uzbekistan’s Foreign Policy: Major Achievements and Development Scenarios. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 18 (2), 292—303. (In Russian). DOI:
10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-2-292-303
Lagutina, M.L. & Mikhaylenko, E.B. (2020). Regionalism in Global Era: Overview of Foreign and Russian Approaches. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 20 (2), 261—278. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-2-261-278
Lane, D. & Samokhvalov, V. (Eds.). (2015). The Eurasian Project and Europe: Regional Discontinuities and Geopolitics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781137472960
Laruelle, M. (2008). Russian Eurasianism. An Ideology of Empire. Washington: Woodrow Wilson Press.
Laumulin, M. (2009). Central Asia in Foreign Political Science and World Geopolitics. Vol. V: Central Asia in the 21st century. Almaty: KISI. (In Russian).
Libman, A. & Vinokurov, E. (2012). Holding-Together Regionalism: Twenty Years of Post-Soviet Integration. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781137271136
Lo, B. (2008). Axis of Convenience: Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics. Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Mattli, W. (1999). The Logic of Regional Integration: Europe and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511756238
Molchanov, M.A. & Molchanova, V.A. (2018). Management Theory for Economic Systems. Moscow: Dashkov & Co publ. (In Russian).
Molchanov, M.A. (2014). Eurasian Regionalisms and Russia’s Pivot to the East: The Role of ASEAN. In: Kikuchi, Y. & Popovski, V. (Eds.). Building ASEAN Identity on a Transnational Dimension. Tokyo: United Nations University. P. 246—259.
Molchanov, M.A. (2015). Eurasian Regionalism: Ideas and Practices. In: Kanet, R. & Sussex, M. (Eds.). Power, Politics and Confrontation in Eurasia: Foreign Policy in a Contested Region. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
P. 135—160. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-137-52367-9_7
Molchanov, M.A. (2016a). Eurasian Regionalisms and Russian Foreign Policy. New York: Routledge.
Molchanov, M.A. (2016b). Russia’s Leadership of Regional Integration in Eurasia. In: Kingah, S. & Quiliconi, C. (Eds.). Global and Regional Leadership of BRICS Countries. New York: Springer. P. 113—133. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22972-0_7
Molchanov, M.A. (2018a). The Eurasian Economic Union. In: Tsygankov, A.P. (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Russian Foreign Policy. New York: Routledge. P. 410—420. DOI: 10.4324/9781315536934
Molchanov, M.A. (2018b). New Regionalism and Eurasia. In: Hua, S. (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Politics in Asia. London and New York: Routledge. P. 504—519. DOI: 10.4324/9781315627670.
Molchanov, M.A. (2019). Russian Security Strategy and the Geopolitics of Energy in Eurasia. In: Kanet, R.E. (Eds.). Routledge Handbook of Russian Security. London and New York: Routledge. P. 181—191. DOI: 10.4324/9781351181242
Moldashev, K. & Hassan, M.A.G. (2017). The Eurasian Union: Actor in the Making? Journal of International Relations and Development, 20 (1), 215—237. DOI: 10.1057/jird.2015.6
Moldashev, K. & Qoraboyev, I. (2018). From Regional Integration to Soft Institutionalism: What Kind of Regionalism for Central Asia? In: Nicharapova, J. & Peyrouse, S. (Eds.). Integration Processes and State Interests in Eurasia. Bishkek: American University of Central Asia. P. 83—97.
Nurgaliyeva, L. (2015). Kazakhstan’s Economic Soft Balancing Policy vis-à-vis Russia: From the Eurasian Union to the Economic Cooperation with Turkey. Journal of Eurasian Studies, 7 (1), 92—105. DOI: 10.1016/ j.euras.2015.10.008.
Obydenkova, A.V. & Libman, A. (2019). Authoritarian Regionalism in the World of International Organizations: Global Perspective and the Eurasian Enigma. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/oso/9780198839040.001.0001
Olcott, M.B., Aslund, A. & Garnett, Sh. (1999). Getting It Wrong: Regional Cooperation and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Qoraboyev, I. (2010). From Central Asian Regional Integration to Eurasian Integration Space? The Changing Dynamics of post-Soviet Regionalism. In: Vinokurov, E. (Eds.), EDB Eurasian Integration Yearbook 2010.
Eurasian Development Bank. P. 206—232.
Starr, S.F. (Eds.). (1994). The International Politics of Eurasia. Vol. I: The Legacy of History in Russia and the New States of Eurasia. New York: M.E. Sharpe.
Sushentsov, A.A. & Silaev, N.Y. (2018). Possible Scenarios for the Ukrainian Crisis. Vestnik RUDN. International Relations, 18 (1), 107—123. (In Russian). DOI: 10.22363/2313-0660-2018-18-1-107-123
Tsygankov, A. (2009). Russophobia: Anti-Russian Lobby and American Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9780230620957
Vinokurov, E. & Libman, A. (2012). Eurasian Integration: Challenges of Transcontinental Regionalism. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1057/9781137283351
Wiśniewska, I. (2013). Eurasian Integration. Russia’s Attempt at the Economic Unification of the Post-Soviet Area.
Warsaw: OSW Studies, 44